1. Logical Functions

- This is the mathematical foundation (Boolean Algebra). A logical function takes one or more binary inputs (0 or 1) and produces a single output based on a rule.
- Examples: AND, OR, NOT, XOR, NAND.
- Key Tool: The Truth Table, which lists every possible input combination and its resulting output.

2. Logical Gates

- These are the physical or symbolic building blocks. A gate is an electronic component (usually made of transistors) that implements a logical function.

3. Logic Circuits

- This is the assembly of multiple gates to perform complex operations.
- Combinational Circuits: The output depends only on the current inputs (e.g., an Adder or Multiplexer).
- Sequential Circuits: The output depends on current inputs AND previous states (memory). These often require a clock signal to synchronize data.

4. Logical Timelines (Timing Diagrams)

- This is the visual representation of signals over time. It shows how the logic levels (High/Low) change on a horizontal axis.
- It is crucial for identifying propagation delays (the time it takes for a signal to travel through gates) and ensuring the circuit operates at the correct speed.